<em>Anthopleura radians</em>, a new species of sea anemone (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from northern Chile, with comments on other species of the genus from the South Pacific Ocean
Abstract
A new species of sea anemone, Anthopleura radians n. sp., is described from the intertidal zone of northern Chile and the taxonomic status of the other Anthopleura species from the South Pacific are discussed. A. radians n. sp. is characterized by a yellow-whitish and brown checkerboard-like pattern on the oral disc, adhesive verrucae along the entire column and a series of marginal projections, each bearing a brightly-colored acrorhagus on the oral surface. This is the seventh species of Anthopleura described from the South Pacific Ocean; each one distinguished by a particular combination of differences related to their coloration pattern, presence of zooxanthellae, cnidae, and mode of reproduction. Some of these species have not been reported since their original description and thus require to be taxonomically validated. A. hermaphroditica and A. aureoradiata are synonyms considering the lack of differences seen between live specimens, museum collections and published records. A. radians could also be a junior synonym of A. minima, however, no type material was found for testing this hypothesis. Furthermore, it is crucial to designate neotypes for A. inconspicua, A. rosea and A. minima since there are no name-bearing types reported for these species.
References
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Bigger, C.H. 1982. The cellular basis of the aggressive acrorhagial response of sea anemones. Journal of Morphology 173: 259-278.
Carlgren, O. 1899. Zoantharien. Hamburger Magelhaenische Sammelreise 4: 1-48.
Carlgren, O. 1924. Actiniaria from New Zealand and its Subantarctic Islands [article XXI in Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-16]. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (Copenhagen) 77: 179-261.
Carlgren, O. 1930. Antarctic and Subantarctic Actiniaria. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions 1927-1928 and 1928-1929 (Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo) 7: 1-6.
Carlgren, O. 1940. A contribution to the knowledge of the structure and distribution of the cnidae in the Anthozoa. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets Handlingar 51(3): 1-62.
Carlgren, O. 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, Fjärde Serien 1: 1-121.
Carlgren, O. 1950. Actiniaria and Zoantharia from South Australia. Arkiv für Zoologi 20: 121-135.
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Daly, M. 2004. Phylogeny and biogeography of Anthopleura in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiologia 530/531: 241-248.
Daly, M., Fautin, D.G. 2004. Anthopleura mariscali, a new species of sea anemone (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Galápagos Islands. Zootaxa 416: 1-8.
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Daly, M., Chaudhuri, A., Gusmão, L., Rodríguez, E. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 48: 292-301.
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Dunn, D.F., Chia, F.S., Levine, R. 1980. Nomenclature of Aulactinia (= Bunodactis), with description of Aulactinia incubans n. sp. (Coelenterata: Actiniaria), an internally brooding sea anemone from Puget Sound. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 2071-2080.
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Francis, L. 1976. Social organization within clones of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. The Biological Bulletin 150: 361-376.
Francis, L. 2004. Microscaling: Why larger anemones have longer cnidae. The Biological Bulletin 207: 116-129.
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Häussermann, V. 1998. Beiträge zur Aktinienfauna Chiles (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), Teil 2. Diplomarbeit, Zoologisches Institut, Universität München, Martinsried, 157 pp.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London.
Jennison, B.L. 1979. Gametogenesis and reproductive cycles in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, 1835). Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 403-411.
Jennison, B.L. 1981. Reproduction in three species of sea anemones from Key West, Florida. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 1708-1719.
Mariscal, R.N. 1974. Nematocysts. In: Muscatine, L., Lenhoff, H. (Eds.). Coelenterate biology. Reviews and new perspectives. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 129-178.
Parry, G. 1951. The Actiniaria of New Zealand. A check-list of recorded and new species a review of the literature and a key to the commoner forms Part I. Records of the Canterbury Museum 6(1): 83-119.
Price, T.D. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity, sexual selection and the evolution of colour patterns. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 2368-2376.
Quesada, A.J., Acuña, F.H., Cortés, J. 2016. First record of the sea anemone Anthopleura mariscali outside the Galápagos Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0445-x.
Rodríguez, E., Orejas, C., López-González, P.J., Gili, J.M. 2013. Reproduction in the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis georgiana in the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea. Marine Biology 160: 67-80.
Schmidt, H. 1972. Die Nesselkapseln der Anthozoen und ihre Bedeutung fur die phylogenetische Systematik. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 23: 422-458.
Schories, D., Reise, K., Sanamyan, K., Sanamyan, N., Clasing, E., Reise, A. 2011. Actinian dominated intertidal mudflats: A new case of an extraordinary rare phenomenon from Southern Chile. Journal of Sea Research 65: 304-314.
Spano, C., Flores, V. 2013. Staining protocol for the histological study of sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actinaria) with recommendations for anesthesia and fixation of specimens. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41(5): 1019-1024.
Spano, C., Rozbaczylo, N., Häussermann, V., Bravo, R. 2013. Redescription of the sea anemones Anthopleura hermaphroditica and Bunodactis hermafroditica (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 48(3): 521-534.
Stuckey, F.G.A. 1909a. Notes on a New Zealand actinian, Bunodes aureoradiata. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 41: 367-369.
Stuckey, F.G.A. 1909b. A review of the New Zealand Actiniaria known to science, together with a description of twelve new species. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 41: 374-398.
Stuckey, F.G.A., Walton, C.L. 1910. Notes on a collection of sea-anemones. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 42: 541-543.
Van Praët, M. 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria: Actiniara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70: 163-172.
Williams, R.B. 1996. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria): statistical parameters and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 60: 339-351.
Williams, R.B. 1998. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), II: further studies of differences amongst sample means and their taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 62: 361-372.
Williams, R.B. 2000. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), III: ranges and other measures of statistical dispersion, their interrelations and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 64: 49-68.
Yanagi, K., Daly, M. 2004. The hermaphroditic sea anemone Anthopleura atodai n. sp. (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from Japan, with a redescription of A. hermaphroditica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 117(3): 422-436.
Ayre, D.J., Grosberg, R.K. 2005. Behind anemone lines: factors affecting division of labour in the social cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima. Animal Behaviour 70(2): 97-110.
Belem, M.J.C., Pinto, S.M. 1990. Mophological and microanatomical study of Anthopleura krebsi Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniidae), a new record in Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 62(2): 183-192.
Bigger, C.H. 1980. Interspecific and intraspecific acrorhagial aggressive behavior among sea anemones: a recognition of self and not-self. The Biological Bulletin 159: 117-134.
Bigger, C.H. 1982. The cellular basis of the aggressive acrorhagial response of sea anemones. Journal of Morphology 173: 259-278.
Carlgren, O. 1899. Zoantharien. Hamburger Magelhaenische Sammelreise 4: 1-48.
Carlgren, O. 1924. Actiniaria from New Zealand and its Subantarctic Islands [article XXI in Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-16]. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (Copenhagen) 77: 179-261.
Carlgren, O. 1930. Antarctic and Subantarctic Actiniaria. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions 1927-1928 and 1928-1929 (Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo) 7: 1-6.
Carlgren, O. 1940. A contribution to the knowledge of the structure and distribution of the cnidae in the Anthozoa. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets Handlingar 51(3): 1-62.
Carlgren, O. 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, Fjärde Serien 1: 1-121.
Carlgren, O. 1950. Actiniaria and Zoantharia from South Australia. Arkiv für Zoologi 20: 121-135.
Daly, M. 2003. The anatomy, terminology, and homology of acrorhagi and pseudoacrorhagi in sea anemones. Zoologische Verhandelingen 345: 89-101.
Daly, M. 2004. Phylogeny and biogeography of Anthopleura in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiologia 530/531: 241-248.
Daly, M., Fautin, D.G. 2004. Anthopleura mariscali, a new species of sea anemone (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Galápagos Islands. Zootaxa 416: 1-8.
Daly, M., den Hartog, J.C. 2004. Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 74(2): 401-421.
Daly, M., Chaudhuri, A., Gusmão, L., Rodríguez, E. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 48: 292-301.
Dawson, E.W. 1992. The Coelenterata of the New Zealand region: a handlist for curators, students and ecologists. Occasional Papers of the Hutton Foundation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Dunn, D.F., Chia, F.S., Levine, R. 1980. Nomenclature of Aulactinia (= Bunodactis), with description of Aulactinia incubans n. sp. (Coelenterata: Actiniaria), an internally brooding sea anemone from Puget Sound. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 2071-2080.
England, K.W. 1987. Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 53: 205-292.
England, K.W. 1991. Nematocysts of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Ceriantharia and Corallimorpharia: Cnidaria): nomenclature. Hydrobiologia, 216/217: 691-697.
Fautin, D.G. 1988. Importance of nematocysts to actinian taxonomy. In: Hessinger, D.A., Lenhoff, H. (Eds.). The Biology of nematocysts, first edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. pp. 487-500.
Fautin, D.G. 2016. Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa 4145(1): 1-449.
Francis, L. 1973. Intraspecific aggression and its effect on the distribution of Anthopleura elegantissima and some related sea anemones. The Biological Bulletin 144: 73-92.
Francis, L. 1976. Social organization within clones of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. The Biological Bulletin 150: 361-376.
Francis, L. 2004. Microscaling: Why larger anemones have longer cnidae. The Biological Bulletin 207: 116-129.
Hand, C. 1955. The sea anemones of central California, part II. Wasmann Journal of Biology 13: 37-99.
Hart, C.E., Crowe, J.H. 1977. The effect of attached gravel on survival of intertidal anemones. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96(1): 28-41.
Häussermann, V. 1998. Beiträge zur Aktinienfauna Chiles (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), Teil 2. Diplomarbeit, Zoologisches Institut, Universität München, Martinsried, 157 pp.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London.
Jennison, B.L. 1979. Gametogenesis and reproductive cycles in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, 1835). Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 403-411.
Jennison, B.L. 1981. Reproduction in three species of sea anemones from Key West, Florida. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 1708-1719.
Mariscal, R.N. 1974. Nematocysts. In: Muscatine, L., Lenhoff, H. (Eds.). Coelenterate biology. Reviews and new perspectives. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 129-178.
Parry, G. 1951. The Actiniaria of New Zealand. A check-list of recorded and new species a review of the literature and a key to the commoner forms Part I. Records of the Canterbury Museum 6(1): 83-119.
Price, T.D. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity, sexual selection and the evolution of colour patterns. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 2368-2376.
Quesada, A.J., Acuña, F.H., Cortés, J. 2016. First record of the sea anemone Anthopleura mariscali outside the Galápagos Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0445-x.
Rodríguez, E., Orejas, C., López-González, P.J., Gili, J.M. 2013. Reproduction in the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis georgiana in the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea. Marine Biology 160: 67-80.
Schmidt, H. 1972. Die Nesselkapseln der Anthozoen und ihre Bedeutung fur die phylogenetische Systematik. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 23: 422-458.
Schories, D., Reise, K., Sanamyan, K., Sanamyan, N., Clasing, E., Reise, A. 2011. Actinian dominated intertidal mudflats: A new case of an extraordinary rare phenomenon from Southern Chile. Journal of Sea Research 65: 304-314.
Spano, C., Flores, V. 2013. Staining protocol for the histological study of sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actinaria) with recommendations for anesthesia and fixation of specimens. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41(5): 1019-1024.
Spano, C., Rozbaczylo, N., Häussermann, V., Bravo, R. 2013. Redescription of the sea anemones Anthopleura hermaphroditica and Bunodactis hermafroditica (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 48(3): 521-534.
Stuckey, F.G.A. 1909a. Notes on a New Zealand actinian, Bunodes aureoradiata. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 41: 367-369.
Stuckey, F.G.A. 1909b. A review of the New Zealand Actiniaria known to science, together with a description of twelve new species. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 41: 374-398.
Stuckey, F.G.A., Walton, C.L. 1910. Notes on a collection of sea-anemones. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 42: 541-543.
Van Praët, M. 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria: Actiniara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70: 163-172.
Williams, R.B. 1996. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria): statistical parameters and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 60: 339-351.
Williams, R.B. 1998. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), II: further studies of differences amongst sample means and their taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 62: 361-372.
Williams, R.B. 2000. Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), III: ranges and other measures of statistical dispersion, their interrelations and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 64: 49-68.
Yanagi, K., Daly, M. 2004. The hermaphroditic sea anemone Anthopleura atodai n. sp. (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from Japan, with a redescription of A. hermaphroditica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 117(3): 422-436.
Published
2017-05-24
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Spano, C.; Häussermann, V. <em>Anthopleura Radians</Em>, a New Species of Sea Anemone (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from Northern Chile, With Comments on Other Species of the Genus from the South Pacific Ocean. BNH 2017, 3, 1-11.
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